Družina Nepticulidae imajo nekatere najmanjše moljev znanih, segajo od 3-8mm krilnih konico krilnih konico. Za primerjavo sem posnel dve vešče zgoraj: največja znana – Coscinocera začneda nasvete lestvice na skoraj 9 palcev, in eden najmanjših (ja, da je mali drobec pod Hercules molja) – Ectoedemia rubifoliella, Prav tako je posnel pod. Nepticulidae so presenetljivo raznolika, z več kot 800 vrste, opisane ki verjetno predstavljajo le 10% dejanske raznolikosti (Powell, 2009). V Združenih državah imamo le 80 vrste, ki 25 so znani iz zahoda. Ko primerjate, da je različnost 100 ali tako vrsta znana iz Velike Britanije, je jasno, da je znanje ZDA močno primanjkuje. Dejansko, več 80% vse nepticulid raznolikost je znan sam od Evrope. Čudno inverzija, če pomislimo, da so neotropics na svetu najbolj raznovrstni ekosistemi še le 74 znane vrste Nepticulidae! (Puplesis, 2000). Zakaj je to tako?
Ectoedemia rubifoliella 3.3mm
Stig Mella ostryaefoliella 3.1mm
Evropska raznolikost se lahko enostavno razložiti proč zaradi visoke koncentracije dolgčas Lepidopterists. Holarctic fauna ni najbolj raznolika in je tako postal najbolje razume na planetu, da ne omenjam, so imeli dolgo zgodovino Gentleman entomologi sega več sto let. Ampak ostali raznolikosti Nepticulidae ostaja skrivnost, saj so res, res majhna, težko širijo, in ga je težko opredeliti kot odrasli! Pravzaprav sem imel malo prakse ali uspeh z montažo Nepticulidae, in zgornjih vzorcev je treba knjižiti v dr. Dave Wagner. Zelo malo, da mi v moji zbirki so preprosto zabodena in un-namaz; in celo pinning izkaže dovolj težko, ko lahko zdrs roke uničili celotno vzorec. Očitno je najboljši način za vgradnjo je, da jih knock navzdol v zamrzovalniku in jih pripnite, medtem ko so še vedno živi. Ni najbolj human, vendar je edini način, da se zavijača posušil pred vašimi očmi in postane nemogoče manipulirati. Tako težko, kot so odrasli za upravljanje, Ličinke so precej značilne po tem, da je večina so listnate rudarjev – se hranijo na material med listnih epidermises. To daje s skupnim imenom “leaf plev rudarji” zato, ker si lahko ogledate prosojnih obližev molji so "z izkopom’ ven iz notranjosti krila. Ne samo, da je vsaka vrsta precej gostitelja specifična, vendar se nagibajo k tvorijo zelo značilne vzorce rudnik v krilu. Torej, če boste našli listov mine in veš vrst rastlin, verjetno boste izvedeli vrste Nepticulid v njem (Vendar pa ni vse mine listnate so nepticulids, obstaja veliko drugih žuželk, da to storijo tudi). Rejo ti molji so tudi precej preprost, vse, kar morate storiti je, da pop liste v vrečo in počakajte, da se molj konča hranjenja. Ena gosenica potrebuje le eno krilo (ali majhen del listov) – vendar je paziti, da je treba sprejeti za ohranjanje listno zeleno, medtem ko je gosenično vire. Če leaf umre, Tako bo gosenica. Zaradi tega paradoksnega sposobnost identifikacije mine in ne odraslim, je presenetljivo znesek ekološke raziskave narediti na njih, predvsem zato, ker nekateri predstavljajo nevarnosti za komercialne poljščine. Prva slika spodaj, jasno kaže, hranjenja caterpillar v listih – in sled frass je zaostajal.
Če pogledaš na zgornjih slikah rudnikih to ni vse, da je težko predstavljati, strukture, kot je ta fossilizing. In presenetljivo, imajo! Prva slika spodaj (Labandeira sod., 1994) prikazuje različne rudarske leaf rudnikov Nepticulidae (in Gracillariidae) od sredine krede (97 Pred milijonov let). Spektakularen stvar mine leaf je, da lahko dobite do ravni rodu in včasih celo vrsto. Avtorji so bili sposobni razlikovati med nepticulid rodov Stig Mella in Ectoedemia temelji na vzorcih ohranjenih v fosilih; vzorci se še vedno uporabljajo za pomoč ločeni rodove danes. Dno ilustracija je iz rudnika odkrili na Japonskem, ki je le okoli 8 stara milijon let (Kuroko, 1987).
(labanderia, 1994)
(Kuroko, 1987)
Reference
Kuroko, H. (1987). Fossil Leaf of Mine Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) iz Japonske. Bilten Sugadaira Montane Res. Cene., No.8, 119-121.
Labandeira, C. (1994). Devetdeset-Seven Million Years of kritosemenk insekti Association: Paleobiological Vpogled v smislu koevolucija Zbornik National Academy of Sciences, 91 (25), 12278-12282 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.25.12278
PUPLESIS, R., Disk, A., ROBINSON, G., & HONOR, G. (2002). Pregled in kontrolni seznam za neotropical Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) Bulletin of Natural History Museum. Entomologija Series, 71 (01) DOI: 10.1017/S0968045402000032
Powell, J.A., Opler, P.A. (2010). Molji zahodne Severne Amerike – J. A. Powell in P. A. Opler Sistematično entomologija, 35 (2), 347-347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00525.x
Zgodnji Cambrian morja (542-488 Pred milijonov let) je imela številne čudne in bizarne bitja skoraj nepredstavljivo, da celo najboljša sci-fi sanjač. Kot lahko eden od predhodniki ARTHROPODA (Prav tako Onychophora in Tardigrada), se lobopodian rodbin predstavljajo nenavadno skupino “črvi z nogami” ki so nekoč živele starodavne morskem dnu. Točno, kako blizu so na pravih členonožcev je pripravljen za razpravo (Drevo pod), ampak to novo odkrite rod in vrste, Diana cactiformis (hoja kaktus), predstavlja najbolj hitinski in členonožci kot katerega koli znano doslej.
Ta nekaj velikega dva in pol palčni pošast nam pomaga razumeti prehod iz mehkega mesnati črv, kot bitje v trdo lupino členonošca; prav tako daje boljši vtis o tem, kako raznoliko so se ti lobopodian priveski lahko bila. To je zanimivo vprašanje, saj je prednost spojen, hitinski, udi bila tista, ki je eksplodirala in raznolika med bitij, ki jih poznamo danes. Točno, kako se je to zgodilo ni nič bližje rešujejo, vendar se zdi, kot da so noge te živali hitinski pred telesa (arthropodization vs. arthrodization). En majhen fosil odkril in še en majhen vpogled v evolucijsko zgodovino.
Reference
Liu, J., Steiner, M., Dunlop, J., Keupp, H., Shu, D., Ali, Q., Imajo, J., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, X. (2011). Oklepno Cambrian lobopodian iz Kitajske s členonožci kot priveski Narava, 470 (7335), 526-530 DOI: 10.1038/nature09704
Ups, Izgleda, da sem zamudil svoj prvi "blogoversary"! Ponedeljek 21. je bil eno leto prelomno za moj blog; in sem zelo vesel, da je preživel zadnje leto delitev nekaj mojih blodnje z vsemi vami. I’ve somewhat lost track of how many hits I’ve had since I moved everything over to The Southern Fried Science Network, but it’s more than I ever could have ever imagined as a newbie blogger twelve months ago. When I look over the last year a few posts come to mind as my favorite:
Shockingly, stunningly, amazingly; themonarchs are back (but not co-staring Julianne Moore). v redu, it’s not that amazing; I pretty much predictedthis would be the case last March when everyone was running around terrified because the butterflies hit an all time low (since counting startedv 1993). Actually I believe I said “I will bet anything on the population making a recovery in the years to come…”. Tako, how about anything = beer, and who’s buying?
Perhaps I am celebrating a bit early. Maybe the news isn’t so good that I can run a victory lap quite yet, but preliminary surveys look like the overwintering populations have doubled this year. That’s a pretty good start, but we still haven’t hit the 18 year average (not an impressive statistic). But don’t misread my intentions – I’m not claiming this one year somehow has proven the decline insignificant. It may or may not be, all we can really say is that it’s just another data point. The fact is that our dataset is very weak and there are factors such as local weather that create massive margins of error. It’s also nearly impossible to extrapolate from what little data we do have. So is the monarch a very good “canary in the coal mine”?
I would say poor at best. How is one insect species that roosts in massive singular colonies a good indicator of our ecosystem? Da, they migrate from all reaches of North America, but their recent high mortality rates have nothing to do with the lives they lived outside of Mexico. Perhaps if millions of butterflies died of some strange toxin we could heed the warning, but such was not the case. Those poor monarchs are at the mercy of winter storms that are likely to become more frequent with a warming climate. So can we say that climate change is negatively impacting these animals? Turns out we can’t, at least not yet. If this were to be so then our data is telling us that the1996-1997 seasonwas a really healthy one where clouds of pollution parted and nature rejoiced. Did the 2010 season then become a post apocalyptic blade-runner-esque world where acid rain melted the orange off of butterfly wings? Clearly not. Neither climate nor pollution were drastically different in those years. The monarchs just had a really good year followed by some really bad ones. Maybe we should just find a better canary if we’re trying to blow the whistle on global warming or deforestation.
As a last thought here is a video from the above story. Just as you’d expect, it’s over dramatized and a bit hilarious.
Softball te GOP izziv. Ta slika prihaja skrb za Victoria pravobranilca (TX papir) – z slabo napisan članek o metuljih. Ta slika flop je zelo enostavno, ampak za dodatne točke, ki mi lahko pove, kaj je napačna v besedilu?
I’ve uploaded a new header as you can see – how does it look? I’m playing around with the settings, but please let me know if the moth on the right gets cropped awkwardly, and what your screen resolution is if that is the case.
If you happen to be living out in Yolo, Solano or Sacramento counties you should head out with a net. Dr.. Art Shaprio has offered for the 40th year hiscabbage white butterfly competition. If you are the very first person to catch a cabbage white (Pieris rapae – invasive) before Dr. Shapiro he will buy you a pitcher of beer! You have to deliver the specimenaliveto the receptionist in the Department of Evolution and Ecology to confirm the identification (I assume to prove you didn’t just save last year’s dead butterfly and cheat).
Over the last 30 years the butterflies have been emerging earlier – two weeks on average now. You better hurry, the first cabbage white of 2010 was collected on January 27th.
Sem, in da se sliši, kot da je bila napisana s Sarah Palin. Dejansko, Sem prišel čez to meta analizo over 22,000 horoscopes over onInformation is Beautiful. To je spektakularno – ampak bom povozil nekaj točk tukaj:
Iz njih 22,000 horoskop je grafikon najpogostejših besed (bottom), 90% of which happen to be exactly the same regardless of your sign. David McCandless also generated a meta prediction using these most common words. It goes something like this.
“Ready? Seveda? Whatever the situation or secret moment enjoy everything a lot. Feel able to absolutely care. Expect nothing else. Keep making love. Family and friends matter. The world is life, fun and energy. Maybe hard. Or easy. Taking exactly enough is best. Help and talk to others. Change your mind and a better mood comes along…“
Everyone, upam, should know that horoscopes and astrology have always been steaming piles. Seeing the data like this just makes it that much easier to laugh in the face of wackiness. I also love McCandless’s interpretation of star traits. I’m a “gemini” (or at least was), and the most common words for me are “party, stay, issues and listen certainly”. Interpreted as “emotionally disturbed party animal who never says no”. Love it.
You might have also heard recently about thescandalous storyof wrong star assignments. As it turns out our earth wobbles slightly in orbit; meaning the stars are not exactly where they are in the night sky tonight as they were a few millennia ago when the zodiac was first derived. So if the stars mold who you are at birth then they do so based on where they are now and not 2,000 Pred leti. Surprise – many people should now be assigned to a new sign! Oooohscandal! The science of astrology didn’t even come close to predicting this (it greatly pained me to even mockingly call astrology science). But that’s OK it won’t perturb them, they are well adapt at dodging hard science and spinning BS, and have been doing so for hundreds of years. Nazaj v 1781 astronomers threw a wrench at the heads of astrologers with the discovery of Uranus – and a generation later Neptune appeared on the scene. Oh don’t worry! Astrologers fudged their own numbers, whined about different “charts and systems” and snuck in two extra star signs to agree with the world as science understood it. Oh, and never mind the rest of the billion, billion stars and planets…
Yet, I can still hear a faint cry down the street here in Berkeley – someone slaps hand to head and exclaims “oh now it makes sense, I was a Taurusvse along!”
You should go explore his blog and take a closer look at the analysis. Še bolje, if you have a friend who loves their astrology, you should forward this in their direction.
Vedno sem znano, da je v številnih krajih po svetu, predvsem izven utrjenih poti, gosenice za molje in metuljev so na jedilniku. FromAfrica da Avstralijathere are dozens of species that might taste good enough to be reasonably edible or even delicious. But here in the US insects rarely if ever make it onto our tables (at least not to our knowledge) – but occasionally into our bottles. I’m sure that many of you have seen the worm at the bottom of the tequila bottle: which is actually the caterpillar of the Cossid mothHypotpa agavis. I have even heard reports that migrant Mexican workers dig up native plants on their lunch break to snack on the large pink larvae of a related moth; probably in the genusComadia. Despite my previous knowledge, I was a bit surprised by a recent article discussing the massive diversity of Lepidoptera used as staple food sources throughout Mexico.
Ectoedemia rubifoliella 3.3mm
Stig Mella ostryaefoliella 3.1mm
Stig Mella aceris (povezava do slike kredita)
Stigmella paradox (povezava do slike kredita)
(labanderia, 1994)
(Kuroko, 1987)
