familia Nepticulidae kushikilia baadhi ya nondo ndogo inayojulikana, kuanzia 3-8mm mrengo-ncha kwa mrengo-ncha. Kwa kulinganisha mimi Sura nondo mbili juu: kubwa inayojulikana – Coscinocera HERCULESncha mizani katika karibu 9 inchi, na moja ya ndogo (ndiyo kwamba kidogo kidogo tundu chini Hercules nondo) – Ectoedemia rubifoliella, pia Sura chini. Nepticulidae ni ya kushangaza mbalimbali, na zaidi ya 800 aina ilivyoelezwa kwamba uwezekano kuwakilisha tu 10% ya utofauti halisi (Powell, 2009). Katika Umoja wa Mataifa tuna tu 80 aina, ambayo 25 wanajulikana kutoka magharibi. Wakati kulinganisha tofauti kwamba kwa 100 au hivyo spishi kutoka Uingereza, ni wazi kuwa elimu ya Marekani ni vastly kukosa. Kweli, juu ya 80% ya yote utofauti nepticulid inajulikana kutoka Ulaya peke. inversion ajabu wakati wewe kufikiria kwamba neotropics ni duniani mazingira na viumbe hai wengi wa aina mbalimbali bado tu 74 inayojulikana Nepticulidae aina! (Puplesis, 2000). Kwa nini hii ni hivyo?
Ectoedemia rubifoliella 3.3mm
Stigmella ostryaefoliella 3.1mm
Utofauti wa Ulaya urahisi kubatilishwa kutokana na viwango vya juu ya kuchoka Lepidopterists. Fauna Holarctic si mbalimbali zaidi na kwa hiyo imekuwa bora kueleweka juu ya sayari, si kwa kutaja wao wamekuwa historia ya muda mrefu ya muungwana entomologists dating nyuma mamia ya miaka. Lakini wengine wa utofauti Nepticulidae bado ni siri kwa sababu wao ni kweli, kweli ndogo, ngumu kueneza, na vigumu kutambua kama watu wazima! Mimi kwa kweli alikuwa mazoezi kidogo au mafanikio na mounting Nepticulidae, na vielelezo hapo juu lazima sifa kwa Dr. Dave Wagner. wachache sana kwamba mimi kuwa katika ukusanyaji yangu ni tu akalazwa na un-kuenea; na hata pinning inathibitisha ngumu kutosha wakati kuingizwa mkono unaweza kufutilia mbali specimen nzima. Inavyoonekana njia bora kwa ajili ya mounting ni kubisha yao chini katika freezer na siri yao wakati wao bado ni hai. Si humane zaidi, lakini njia pekee ya kuweka nondo kutoka kukausha mbele ya macho yenu na kuwa vigumu kuendesha. Kwa bidii kama watu wazima ni kusimamia, mabuu ni badala tabia katika kwamba wengi ni wachimbaji jani – wao kulisha juu ya vifaa kati ya epidermises jani. Hii lends kwa jina la kawaida ya “jani doa wachimbaji” kwa sababu unaweza kuona patches translucent nondo na 'kuchimbwa’ kutoka ndani ya jani. Si tu ni kila aina badala mwenyeji maalum, lakini wao huwa na kuunda sana tabia chati mgodi ndani ya jani. Hivyo kama wewe kupata yangu jani na unajua aina ya kupanda, nafasi ni unaweza kupata nje aina ya Nepticulid ndani yake (Hata hivyo si migodi yote jani ni nepticulids, kuna kura ya wadudu wengine kwamba kufanya hivyo pia). Ufugaji nondo hizi pia ni badala rahisi, wote una kufanya ni pop jani katika mfuko na kusubiri kwa nondo kumaliza kulisha. Moja caterpillar tu mahitaji jani moja (au sehemu ndogo ya jani) – lakini huduma ina kuchukuliwa kuweka majani ya kijani wakati feeds caterpillar. Kama jani akifa, ndivyo caterpillar. Kwa sababu ya uwezo huu paradoxical kutambua migodi na si watu wazima kuna kiasi ajabu ya utafiti wa mazingira ya kufanyika juu yao, hasa tangu chache pose vitisho kwa mazao ya biashara. taswira ya kwanza chini wazi unaeleza caterpillar kulisha ndani ya jani – na uchaguzi wa frass ina kushoto nyuma.
Kama ukiangalia picha juu ya migodi si wote kwamba vigumu kufikiria miundo kama fossilizing hii. Na kushangaza, wana! taswira ya kwanza chini (Lalandeira et al., 1994) inaonyesha aina ya madini jani Nepticulidae migodi (na Gracillariidae) kutoka katikati ya Cretaceous (97 miaka milioni iliyopita). Jambo kuvutia kuhusu migodi jani ni kwamba unaweza kupata chini ya jenasi ngazi na wakati mwingine hata aina. waandishi walikuwa na uwezo wa kutofautisha kati ya genera nepticulid Stigmella na Ectoedemia kuzingatia mifumo kuhifadhiwa katika fossils; chati sisi bado kutumia ili kusaidia tofauti genera leo. mfano chini ni kutoka mgodi aligundua katika Japan kwamba ni karibu tu 8 umri wa miaka milioni (Kuroko, 1987).
(kufulia, 1994)
(Kuroko, 1987)
Marejeo
Kuroko, H. (1987). Fossil Mine Leaf ya Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) kutoka Japan. Bulletin Sugadaira milimani Res. Cen., Na.8, 119-121.
Lalandeira, C. (1994). Tisini Saba Million Miaka ya Angiosperm-wadudu Association: Insights Paleobiological katika Maana ya Coevolution Kesi ya Chuo cha Taifa cha Sayansi, 91 (25), 12278-12282 Doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.25.12278
PUPLESISI, R., Disk, A., RobinSON, G., & HONOR, G. (2002). mapitio na orodha ya Neotropical Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) Bulletin ya Historia ya Makumbusho Mtindo. Entomolojia Series, 71 (01) Doi: 10.1017/S0968045402000032
Powell, J.A., Opler, P.A. (2010). Nondo ya Magharibi Amerika ya Kaskazini – na J. A. Powell na P. A. Opler Utaratibu Entomolojia, 35 (2), 347-347 Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00525.x
mapema bahari Cambrian (542-488 miaka milioni iliyopita) alikuwa plethora ya viumbe ajabu na ya ajabu karibu unimaginable na hata bora sci-fi mwotaji. Kama pengine ni moja ya precursors kwa Arthropoda (pia Onychophora na Tardigrade), lineages lobopodian kuwakilisha kundi ajabu ya “minyoo na miguu” kwamba mara roamed kale vitanda bahari. Hasa jinsi karibu wao ni wadudu wa kweli ni kwa ajili ya mjadala (mti chini), lakini hii wapya aligundua jenasi na aina, Matukio cactiformis (kutembea cactus), inawakilisha vizuri zaidi sclerotized na arthropod-kama ya yoyote inayojulikana kwa tarehe.
Hii whopping mbili na nusu inch monster inatusaidia kuelewa mpito kutoka laini wazima mdudu kama kiumbe ngumu-shelled arthropod; pia inatoa hisia bora wa jinsi mbalimbali appendages hizi lobopodian inaweza kuwa. Ni swali kuvutia kwa sababu faida ya jointed, sclerotized, viungo alikuwa mmoja kwamba ililipuka na mseto miongoni mwa viumbe tunajua leo. Hasa jinsi hii ilitokea si yoyote karibu na kuwa kutatuliwa, lakini inaonekana kama miguu ya mnyama hii walikuwa sclerotized kabla ya mwili (arthropodization dhidi ya. athrodization). Mafuta moja ndogo aligundua na jingine ufahamu kidogo katika historia ya mabadiliko.
Marejeo
Liu, J., Steiner, M., Dunlop, J., Nunua, H., sawa, D., Au, Swali:, Wana, J., Zhang, KUTOKA., & Zhang, X. (2011). kivita Cambrian lobopodian kutoka China na arthropod-kama appendages Asili, 470 (7335), 526-530 Doi: 10.1038/asili09704
Oops, inaonekana kama mimi amekosa yangu ya kwanza 'blogoversary'! Jumatatu 21 alikuwa mwaka mmoja hatua ya kugeuka kwa blog yangu; na mimi nina incredibly furaha na kuwa alitumia mwaka jana kugawana baadhi ya ramblings yangu na ninyi nyote. Nimekuwa fulani waliopotea wimbo wa jinsi wengi hits Nimepata tangu mimi wakiongozwa kila kitu juu ya Southern Fried Sayansi Network, lakini ni zaidi kuliko mimi milele ingeweza milele kufikiri kama blogger newbie miezi kumi na mbili iliyopita. Wakati mimi kuangalia juu ya mwaka jana posts chache kuja akili kama favorite yangu:
Kwa kushangaza, kwa kushangaza, kushangaza; akaonekana monarchs ni nyuma (lakini si ushirikiano staring Julianne Moore). sawa, si kwamba ajabu; I pretty much alitabiri hii itakuwa kesi mwezi Machi mwaka jana wakati kila mtu alikuwa akikimbia kuzunguka hofu kwa sababu vipepeo hit wakati wote chini (tangu kuhesabu kuanza katika 1993). Kweli naamini alisema “Nami bet kitu chochote juu ya idadi ya watu kufanya ahueni katika miaka ijayo…”. Hivyo, vipi kuhusu kitu chochote = bia, na ambao kununua?
Labda Mimi kuadhimisha kidogo mapema. Labda habari si nzuri kwamba siwezi kukimbia ushindi Lap bado kabisa, lakini tafiti awali kuangalia kama wakazi overwintering kuwa mara mbili mwaka huu. Hiyo kuanza nzuri, lakini bado tuna si hit 18 mwaka wastani (si statistic kuvutia). Lakini si misread nia yangu – Mimi si kudai mwaka huu moja kwa namna fulani umeonyesha kupungua insignificant. Ni inaweza kuwa au wasiwe, wote sisi kweli unaweza kusema ni kwamba ni tu hatua nyingine data. Ukweli ni kwamba CCD yetu ni dhaifu sana na kuna sababu kama vile hali ya hewa kwamba kuunda kishindo mkubwa wa kosa. Ni pia karibu haiwezekani extrapolate kutokana na kile data kidogo sisi kufanya na. So is the monarch a very good “canary in the coal mine”?
I would say poor at best. How is one insect species that roosts in massive singular colonies a good indicator of our ecosystem? Ndiyo, they migrate from all reaches of North America, but their recent high mortality rates have nothing to do with the lives they lived outside of Mexico. Perhaps if millions of butterflies died of some strange toxin we could heed the warning, but such was not the case. Those poor monarchs are at the mercy of winter storms that are likely to become more frequent with a warming climate. So can we say that climate change is negatively impacting these animals? Turns out we can’t, at least not yet. If this were to be so then our data is telling us that the1996-1997 seasonwas a really healthy one where clouds of pollution parted and nature rejoiced. Did the 2010 season then become a post apocalyptic blade-runner-esque world where acid rain melted the orange off of butterfly wings? Clearly not. Neither climate nor pollution were drastically different in those years. The monarchs just had a really good year followed by some really bad ones. Maybe we should just find a better canary if we’re trying to blow the whistle on global warming or deforestation.
As a last thought here is a video from the above story. Just as you’d expect, it’s over dramatized and a bit hilarious.
Softball kwa changamoto hii GOP. Picha Hii inakuja huduma ya Advocate Victoria (TX karatasi) – kwa hafifu imeandikwa makala kuhusu vipepeo. Hii flop picha ni pretty rahisi, lakini kwa pointi ya ziada ambao wanaweza kuniambia nini kingine ni sahihi katika maandishi?
I’ve uploaded a new header as you can see – how does it look? I’m playing around with the settings, but please let me know if the moth on the right gets cropped awkwardly, and what your screen resolution is if that is the case.
Ikiwa unaishi nje huko Yolo, Wilaya za Solano au Sacramento unapaswa kutoka na wavu. Dr. Art Shaprio has offered for the 40th year hiscabbage white butterfly competition. Ikiwa wewe ni mtu wa kwanza kupata kabichi nyeupe (Pieris rapa – invasive) before Dr. Shapiro he will buy you a pitcher of beer! You have to deliver the specimenaliveto the receptionist in the Department of Evolution and Ecology to confirm the identification (I assume to prove you didn’t just save last year’s dead butterfly and cheat).
Over the last 30 years the butterflies have been emerging earlier – two weeks on average now. You better hurry, the first cabbage white of 2010 was collected on January 27th.
Mimi, na inaonekana kama iliandikwa na Sarah Palin. Kweli, Mimi alimkuta meta uchambuzi huu wa zaidi ya 22,000 horoscopes over onInformation is Beautiful. Ni ya kuvutia – lakini mimi itabidi kukimbia chini pointi chache hapa:
Kutokana na mambo haya 22,000 kupiga alikuja chati ya maneno ya kawaida (chini), 90% of which happen to be exactly the same regardless of your sign. David McCandless also generated a meta prediction using these most common words. It goes something like this.
“Ready? hakika? Whatever the situation or secret moment enjoy everything a lot. Feel able to absolutely care. Expect nothing else. Keep making love. Family and friends matter. The world is life, fun and energy. Maybe hard. Or easy. Taking exactly enough is best. Help and talk to others. Change your mind and a better mood comes along…“
Everyone, kwa matumaini, should know that horoscopes and astrology have always been steaming piles. Seeing the data like this just makes it that much easier to laugh in the face of wackiness. I also love McCandless’s interpretation of star traits. I’m a “gemini” (or at least was), and the most common words for me are “party, stay, issues and listen certainly”. Interpreted as “emotionally disturbed party animal who never says no”. Love it.
You might have also heard recently about thescandalous storyof wrong star assignments. As it turns out our earth wobbles slightly in orbit; meaning the stars are not exactly where they are in the night sky tonight as they were a few millennia ago when the zodiac was first derived. So if the stars mold who you are at birth then they do so based on where they are now and not 2,000 miaka iliyopita. Surprise – many people should now be assigned to a new sign! Oooohscandal! The science of astrology didn’t even come close to predicting this (it greatly pained me to even mockingly call astrology science). But that’s OK it won’t perturb them, they are well adapt at dodging hard science and spinning BS, and have been doing so for hundreds of years. Back in 1781 astronomers threw a wrench at the heads of astrologers with the discovery of Uranus – and a generation later Neptune appeared on the scene. Oh don’t worry! Astrologers fudged their own numbers, whined about different “charts and systems” and snuck in two extra star signs to agree with the world as science understood it. Oh, and never mind the rest of the billion, billion stars and planets…
Bado, I can still hear a faint cry down the street here in Berkeley – someone slaps hand to head and exclaims “oh now it makes sense, I was a Tauruszote along!”
You should go explore his blog and take a closer look at the analysis. Better yet, if you have a friend who loves their astrology, you should forward this in their direction.
Nimekuwa nikijua hilo katika sehemu nyingi za ulimwengu, hasa nje ya wimbo uliopigwa, viwavi wa nondo na vipepeo ni kwenye orodha. Kutoka Afrika kwa Australia kuna spishi kadhaa ambazo zinaweza kuonja vizuri vya kutosha kuliwa au hata ladha. Lakini hapa Marekani wadudu mara chache kama milele kufanya hivyo kwenye meza zetu (angalau si kwa ufahamu wetu) – lakini mara kwa mara kwenye chupa zetu. Nina hakika kwamba wengi wenu mmemwona mdudu chini ya chupa ya tequila: ambaye kwa hakika ndiye kiwavi wa nondo wa Cossid Hypotpa agavis. Nimesikia hata ripoti kwamba wafanyikazi wahamiaji wa Mexico wanachimba mimea ya asili kwenye mapumziko yao ya chakula cha mchana ili kula mabuu wakubwa wa waridi wa nondo anayehusiana.; pengine katika jenasi Vichekesho. Licha ya ufahamu wangu wa hapo awali, Nilishangazwa kidogo na nakala ya hivi majuzi inayojadili anuwai kubwa ya Lepidoptera inayotumiwa kama vyanzo kuu vya chakula kote Mexico..
For this issue of the genius of the press, who can tell me what’s wrong withmakala hii? It’s pretty subtle, but a clear mistake, especially for LiveScience.
Ectoedemia rubifoliella 3.3mm
Stigmella ostryaefoliella 3.1mm
Stigmella aceris (kiungo na mfano mikopo)
Stigmella Kitendawili (kiungo na mfano mikopo)
(kufulia, 1994)
(Kuroko, 1987)
